What’s a backup?

I use Borg Backup, automated with a bash script that Borg provides. A cron job runs the script at the desired frequency. I keep backups on different computers, ideally I would recommend one copy in the cloud and one copy on a local machine. Borg compresses and encrypts its backups.

Edit: I migrated a server once using the backups from this system and it worked great.

Borg backup is gold standard, with Vorta as a very nice GUI on machines that need it. Otherwise, all my other Linux machines are running in proxmox hypervisors and have container/snapshot/vm backups regularly through proxmox backup server to another machine. All the backup data is then replicated regularly, remotely via truenas scale replication tasks.

Hope.

I plug in an external drive every so often and drag and drop parts of my home dir into it like it’s 1997. I’m not running a data center here. The boomer method is good enough and I don’t do anything important enough to warrant going all out with professional snapshot based backup solutions and stuff. And I only save personal documents, media, and custom config files. Everything else is replaceable.

All my code and projects are on GitHub/codeberg.

All my personal info and photos are on proton drive.

If Linux shits itself (and it does often) who cares. I can have it up and running again in a fresh install in ten minutes.

I use rsync to incrementally back up / to a separate drive, as well as a drive on another device (my server), which then packs, compresses and encrypts the latest backup of all devices daily, and uploads them to Hetzner as well as GDrive.

Not to save stuff

I was talking with a techhead from the 80s about what he did when his tape drives failed and the folly that is keeping data alive on a system that doesn’t need to be. His foolproof backup storage is as follows.

1. At Christmas buy a new hard drive. If Moore’s law allows, it should be double what you currently have
2. Put your current backup hardrive into a SATA drive slot. Copy over backup into new hard drive.
3. Write with a sharpie the date at which this was done on the harddrive. The new hard drive is your current backup.
4. Place the now old backup into your drawer and forget about it.
5. On New Years Day, load each of the drives into a SATA drive slot and fix any filesystem issues.
6. Put them back into the drawer. Go to step 1.

Dump configs to backup drive. Pray to the machine spirit that things don’t blow up. Only update when I remember. I’m a terrible admin for my own stuff.

Shout out to all the homies with nothing, I’m still waiting to buy a larger disk in hopes of rescuing as much data from a failing 3TB disk as I can. I got some read errors and unplugged it about 3 months ago.

I’m using rustic, a lock-free rust-written drop-in-replacement of restic, which (I’m referring to restic and therefore in extension to rustic) supports always-encrypted, deduplicating, compressed and easy backups without you needing to worry about whether to do a full- or incremental-backup.

All my machines run hourly backups of all mounted partitions to an append-only repo at borgbase. I have a file with ignore pattern globs to skip unwanted files and dirs (i.e.: **/.cache).

While I think borgbase is ok, ther’re just using hetzner storage boxes in the background, which are cheaper if you use them directly. I’m thinking of migrating my backups to a handfull of homelabs from trusted friends and family instead.

The backups have a randomized delay of 5m and typically take about 8-9s each (unless big new files need to be uploaded). They are triggered by persistent systemd-timers.

The backups have been running across my laptop, pc and server for about 6 months now and I’m at ~380 GiB storage usage total.

I’ve mounted backup snapshots on multiple occasions already to either get an old version of a file, or restore it entirely.

There is a tool called redu which is like ncdu but works on restic/rustic repos. This makes it easy to identify which files blow up your backup size.

One reason for moving to Nix was declarative config so at least that part of my system is a series of Nix files to build into a working setup.

…The rest… let’s just say “needs improvement” & I would like to set up a NAS.

etckeeper, and borg/vorta for /home

I try to be good about everything being installed in packages, even if Im the one that made the package. that means I only have to worry about backing up my local package archive. but Ive never actualy recreated a personal system from a backup, and usually end up starting from a fresh install, slowly adding back things from the backup if I missed them. this tends to cut down on cruft and no longer needed hacks and fixes. also makes for a good way to be exposed to new paradigms (desktop environments, shells, etc)

something that helps is daily notes. one file for any day Im working on my system and want to remember what a custom file, confg edit, or downloaded/created package does and why. these get saved separately and I try to remember to grep them before asking the internet

i see the benefit to snapshots, but disk space is expensive, and Im (usually) careful (enough) not to lock myself out or prevent boots. anything catastophic I have to fix is usually seen as a fun, stressful learning experience! that rarely happens anymore, for better or for worse

Example of a Bash script that performs the following tasks

1. Checks the availability of an important web server.
2. Checks disk space usage.
3. Makes a backup of the specified directories.
4. Sends a report to the administrator’s email.

Example script:

#!/bin/bash

# Settings
WEB_SERVER="https://example.com"
BACKUP_DIR="/backup"
TARGET_DIRS="/var/www /etc"
DISK_USAGE_THRESHOLD=90
ADMIN_EMAIL="[email protected]"
DATE=$(date +"%Y-%m-%d")
BACKUP_FILE="$BACKUP_DIR/backup-$DATE.tar.gz"

# Checking web server availability
echo "Checking web server availability..."
if curl -s --head $WEB_SERVER | grep "200 OK" > /dev/null; then
echo "Web server is available."
else
echo "Warning: Web server is unavailable!" | mail -s "Problem with web server" $ADMIN_EMAIL
fi

# Checking disk space
echo "Checking disk space..."
DISK_USAGE=$(df / | grep / | awk '{ print $5 }' | sed 's/%//g')
if [ $DISK_USAGE -gt $DISK_USAGE_THRESHOLD ]; then
echo "Warning: Disk space usage exceeded $DISK_USAGE_THRESHOLD%!" | mail -s "Problem with disk space" $ADMIN_EMAIL
else
echo "There is enough disk space."
fi

# Creating backup
echo "Creating backup..."
tar -czf $BACKUP_FILE $TARGET_DIRS

if [ $? -eq 0 ]; then
echo "Backup created successfully: $BACKUP_FILE"
else
echo "Error creating backup!" | mail -s "Error creating backup" $ADMIN_EMAIL
fi

# Sending report
echo "Sending report to $ADMIN_EMAIL..."
REPORT="Report for $DATE\n\n"
REPORT+="Web server status: $(curl -s --head $WEB_SERVER | head -n 1)\n"
REPORT+="Disk space usage: $DISK_USAGE%\n"
REPORT+="Backup location: $BACKUP_FILE\n"

echo -e $REPORT | mail -s "Daily system report" $ADMIN_EMAIL

echo "Done."

Description:

1. Check web server: Uses curl command to check if the site is available.
2. Check disk space: Use df and awk to check disk usage. If the threshold (90%) is exceeded, a notification is sent.
3. Create a backup: The tar command archives and compresses the directories specified in the TARGET_DIRS variable.
4. Send a report: A report on all operations is sent to the administrator’s email using mail.

How to use:

1. Set the desired parameters, such as the web server address, directories for backup, disk usage threshold and email.
2. Make the script executable:

chmod +x /path/to/your/script.sh

3. Add the script to cron to run on a regular basis:

crontab -e

Example to run every day at 00:00:

0 0 * * * /path/to/your/script.sh